Archive for the ‘History’ Category

West Berlin and Infantry Training Part II – The last Berlin Post

February 1, 2025

The last training area in West Germany I will discuss is Wildflecken. Although some units also trained at Bad Tolz and Grafenwöhr my unit did not. 

The German Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS used Wildflecken as a combat training area during World War II. The US took control of Wildflecken in 1945.

When we deployed to Wildflecken, we trained in conventional infantry training. The one exercise I remember the most is the 50K raid. Assaulting and destroying a guarded enemy ammunition depot was the mission of the 50K raid. We would use helicopters to move to a landing zone and then tactically move to the objective. Once on the objective, we would assault the objective and then use explosives (simulated) to blow up the depot. On completion of the mission, we were supposed to escape and evade back to the barracks about thirty miles away. A special forces unit played the role of the opposing force for the escape and evade exercise. According to the escape and evade exercise rules, a captured unit had to return to the starting area and restart. The second rule was there were no rules. Starting the escape and evade was the hardest part because the Green Berets were everywhere. My unit got captured, but since we were so close to the starting area, restarting wasn’t a big deal. We finally made it about five miles from the start. We spotted a German farmhouse. One soldier was fluent in German, so he asked if they would give us a ride back to the barracks for 100 marks. The German farmer agreed, so we broke down our weapons and hid them in our rucksacks. We made it back to the barracks fairly early, but other units had the same idea we did, so most of the units showed up shortly after we did. There was one diehard unit that walked all the way back. They showed up the next morning. 

Vicenza, lat the foot of the Dolomites mountains in northern Italy, is where we trained for conventional winter warfare. On arrival, the Airborne unit stationed in Vicenza provided classes on everything to field hygiene in a winter environment to downhill skiing. I enjoyed the skiing the most.

Starting our winter warfare exercise consisted of strapping on snowshoes and hooking up to an Ahkio. We pulled the Ahkio and our supplies up a mountain affectionally called Mount Mother Fucker. After setting up a base camp, we had a few days of conventional winter warfare training. Lesson learned is you do not take off the snowshoes no matter how packed the snow looks. The second lesson learned is running in snow shoes takes practice. 

After we finished training in Vicenza, we received a day of R&R in Venice, Italy. I kind of regret my 20-year-old self wanted to eat and drink more than explore Venice. Maybe someday I’ll return. 

Back in Berlin:

I have a few more pictures to share before I finish up the posts about Berlin.

 

Checkpoint Charlie ~ 1986

Checkpoint Charlie is known for being the place where US and Russian tanks confronted each other during the 1961 Berlin Crisis. Checkpoint Charlie was also one of the best known crossing points from West Berlin to East Berlin. US soldiers wishing to visit East Berlin had to cross at Checkpoint Charlie. With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Guardhouse, a significant artifact of the Cold War era, found a new home within the Allied Museum’s collection. 

 

President Ronald Reagan, near Berlin Wall

On June 12, 1987, President Ronald Reagan visited Berlin. He gave a speech, near the Brandenburg Gate, telling “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.” Notice the glass behind Reagan. The glass was bulletproof. East Berlin was not far behind him. 

 

Spandau Prison, Americans taking over guard duty from the Russians

Spandau Prison, in the British sector of Berlin, once held seven Nazi prisoners. The four powers, The Americans, French, British, and the Russians took turns guarding the prisoners. When I arrived in Berlin, the prison had one prisoner, Rudolf Hess. Hess committed suicide on August 17, 1987.

 

Article from the Wichita Eagle Beacon, August 23rd, 1987.

After Hess died, the prison was demolished and replaced by a shopping center.

Afterword

In 1990, I visited Berlin. I wanted to see what Berlin was like without the wall. Unfortunately, I don’t have any pictures, just one story. I visited Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz, a German knight who lived from 1651 to 1702. Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz was accused of murder. Since he was an aristocrat, he could simply swear an oath to his innocence and free himself. 

He died at  52 in 1702. In 1794, the church decided to bury his coffin in the cemetery, but they discovered Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz had not decayed. Local legend said God was punishing Kahlbutz because he swore to a court about the murder, “It was not I, otherwise after my death my body will not decay.”

Image from: The Mummy of Knight Kahlbutz

Christian Friedrich von Kahlbutz looks pretty good for being dead 223 years.

 

 

West Berlin Part II Update Coming Soon – Meanwhile, Some Reads for You

January 31, 2025

I’ll finish up the second part of the West Berlin post soon.  

Until then, if you are a history buff, I encourage you to check out The Autodidact Professor’s website. The website covers many topics logically grouped into the Ancient Kings: Builders of Civilization, Chronicles of the Crown, Roman Emperors, Turning Points, and Cultures and Civilizations. 

My second recommendation is to check out Pulphouse magazine. Pick up a copy, and if you like, it subscribe to it. I just finished a six-month subscription and renewed for another year. Pulphouse is one of the few magazines I’ll read cover to cover. Issue #37 showed up tonight and the title of the first story is “The Dragon with the Girl Tattoo” a very fun read. Pulphouse is not genre specific, you will never know which genres will show up in the latest issue, you will only know they are quality short stories.

In the Shade of the Slowboat Man is my pick for this week’s short story. Nominated for a Nebula in 1997. A quick read. The Amazon description summarizes the story giving nothing away. “For a vampire, saying goodbye to your mortal lover can be the hardest thing you ever have to do.” 

Happy Reading!

West Berlin Infantry Training and Hogan Heroes Part I

January 30, 2025

The Telefunkenwerk Zehlendorf produced radar, transmitters, and other military electronic devices for the Third Reich. The factory employed 400,00 forced laborers, French and Polish prisoners. In 1945, the US Army occupied, used and expanded the factory and renamed it McNair Barracks. In 1985, when I arrived in West Berlin, McNair comprised three infantry battalions and a field artillery unit. 

Training:

The infantry battalions did not always deploy. When they were not deployed, the units still trained on McNair. Preparing for the Expert Infantry Badge (EIB) testing and the Skills Qualification Test happened every year. Every few months, an alert tested how quickly we could be ready to conduct military missions. I don’t remember the unit’s required readiness time, but the time varied depending on whether the unit belonged to a Quick Reaction Force. Every quarter we forced marched for twelve miles with a full combat load. The forced march had to be completed in three hours or less, and then random inspections would make sure the soldiers were packing according to the unit standard operating procedure. In 1988, Rambo stopped by during EIB training. 

We qualified on our weapons at Rose Range. Rose Range could only handle a few shooters at one time. We fired the M16, M1911, and M60 at Rose Range. Keerans Range was also a qualification range, but I don’t recall shooting there. 

Occasionally we trained in the Grunewald which was one of the largest forested areas in West Berlin. This training typically comprised conventional army training, e.g. set up positions, perform recons, attack “enemy positions”, etc. Sometimes spouses or dependents of soldiers would play along and try to sabotage our area of operation. 

The Ruhleben Fighting City in the British sector is where the British military practiced their Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT). I can only recall training there one time. When the British and Americans paired off against each other in MOUT training, both sides were out to win. Win or lose, we all came out of that exercise with new bruises. 

Parks Range in the American Sector was also called Doughboy City. American units practiced their MOUT training in Doughboy City. Doughboy City had concrete buildings, a sewer system, and an S-Bahn for training. Today, the buildings do not exist. The German government tore the buildings down when the American forces left Berlin in 1994. 

Soldiers preparing a fighting position in Doughboy City. I think this is for a 90mm Recoilless Rifle e.g. anti-tank weapon.

A portion of Doughboy City. If you look closely in the middle where the hill stops you can see an East German guard tower. 

Another angle of the first picture. The soldiers are preparing to defend the city from another battalion.

One last view of Doughboy City. The tires in the picture will eventually be set on fire causing a thick black smoke. (May not have been healthy breathing that!)

The poles have wire, either barbed or concertina to slow down the enemy forces or channel them where we want them to go. 

 

Training outside of Berlin:

So, you may be wondering, what exactly does the West Berlin infantry battalions have in common with Hogan’s Heroes? Hogan’s Heroes is set in Hammelburg Germany and just outside of Hammelburg there was a POW camp call Stalag 13. We trained in Hammelburg. Cool huh?  Ok the connection may be pretty thin but I encourage you to read the linked pages – did you know there was a real Colonel Klenk?  The MOUT training area called Bonnland is a German training area in Hammelburg. 

Bonnland

(Image thanks to Denny Sander, CC-by-SA license.)

The buildings in the Bonnland training area seemed more real than the buildings at Doughboy CIty and the Ruhleben Fighting City. For one exercise we built Molotov cocktails, after a tank rolled over us, we would jump and simulate tossing the cocktail into the hatch of the tank. Very cool way to build confidence!. 

German Infantry training in Bonnland

 

In the next blog post I’ll cover one more training area in West Germany, One in Italy, and then circle back to Berlin to finish off a few more pictures.

No Mans Land and The Führerbunker 1986-1988

January 28, 2025

Wooden platforms in West Berlin during the 1980s offered views over the Berlin Wall and into the East German-controlled “No Man’s Land”. Also known as the “death strip” this open area between the inner and outer areas of the Berlin Wall prevented East Berliners from escaping to West Berlin.

 

East German border guards monitored the “death strip” by patrolling the area on foot, in a vehicle, or from watchtowers. Floodlights, motion detectors, tripwires, alarm systems, mines, barbed wire and guard dogs helped to detect escape attempts. 

Besides all the surveillance equipment and security forces, the “death strip” was also home to Adolf Hitler’s Führerbunker. The Führerbunker is where Hitler spent his last days and died in 1945. If you examine the two pictures of the death strip, you will see a mound on the left side about 1/3 of the way from the top. The mound is the remnants of the Führerbunker.

The bunker remained buried and inaccessible until 1987 – 1989. Crews building residential housing and other buildings uncovered sections of the bunker. Damaged sections were filled and sealed, and other sections were destroyed. While the bunker was still standing, but before its scheduled destruction, Robert Conrad, a photographer, risked discovery by repeatedly sneaking into the dark bunker to capture photographs.

In the end, the old bunker complex was mostly destroyed during reconstruction. Any remains of the bunker lie underneath a parking lot. The few existing corridors remaining are sealed off from the public. In 2006, an information board was installed to mark the location of the bunker. Rochus Misch, who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler’s suicide, attended the ceremony of placing the information board. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

La Belle Discothèque bombing, April 5, 1986, West Berlin

January 27, 2025

An explosion at the La Belle discotheque shattered the early morning hours of April 5, 1986, as a bomb hidden beneath the DJ booth ripped through the building at 1:45 AM. Among the deceased were Nermin Hannay, a Turkish woman, and Sgt Kenneth T. Ford CSC 4/502. Critically injured, Sgt James E. Groins CSC 4/502 died of his injuries two months later. At least 230 individuals, including over fifty American service members, suffered injuries. 

I think, and after thirty-eight years, I may be mistaken, my unit had been training in Bonnland, West Germany, when the La Belle bombing happened. I found out about the bombing when we returned to Berlin a few days later. The La Belle bombing injured a few members of my unit, 6/502nd.

The bombing left us with an unsettling question—who was responsible? A Berlin police detective I knew told me that Libya was behind the bombing. Just a few days later, on April 14, 1986, Operation El Dorado Canyon, targeted Muammar Gaddafi’s Bab al-Azizia compound.

Even though some articles claim Germany did not have any evidence of who handled the bombing, my Berlin police detective led me to believe otherwise. Just recently, I learned of a few pieces of information I didn’t previously know. Signal Intelligence (Stejskal, 2020) captured between “Libya and the Libyan People’s Bureau—it’s embassy—in East Berlin indicated prior knowledge and subsequent approval of the attack by Col. Moammar Gadhafis government.” (U.S. Delays Underlined as Disco Bombing Suspect Is Freed in Lebanon, 1994).

After the reunification of Germany, the Stasi Records implicated Musbah Eter, leading to his indictment for aiding and abetting attempted murder in the La Belle bombing. The court also indicted and convicted two others—Palestinian Yasser Mohammed Chreidi and Lebanese-born German Ali Chanaa.

Libya eventually compensated Germans, wounded by the bombing, and the family of the Turkish woman who was killed. Americans were not part of the compensation settlement. 

 

 

References: 

Malinarich, N. (2001, November 13). Europe | flashback: The Berlin Disco bombing. BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1653848.stm 

Stejskal, J. (2020). Special forces berlin: Clandestine cold war operations of the US Army’s elite, 1956-1990. Casemate. 

U.S. delays underlined as disco bombing suspect is freed in Lebanon. (1994, August 2). https://www.archives.gov. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foia/garland/8001832_Box2_Folder20.pdf

 

 

 

 

 

Book Recommendation: Stasiland: Stories from behind the Berlin Wall by Anna Funder

January 25, 2025

From 1985 to 1988, I served as a soldier in the United States Berlin Brigade, which was in the American sector of West Berlin. While there, I visited East Berlin a few times. The difference between West Berlin and East Berlin stood out to me. The infrastructure, consumer products and urban aesthetic in East Berlin paled compared to West Berlin. In the East, there were visible East German Police within a block or two of each other. I always felt watched.

I stumbled on the book Stasiland by Anna Funder when I came across an article that mentioned the Stasi Archives, which became accessible to the West once the wall fell.

Funder’s book is a thought-provoking read, which balances journalism with human stories. Funder interviewed former Stasi officers and the ordinary people who had to live their life under surveillance. A society built on fear and mistrust takes a psychological toll on its citizens.

Funder’s writing is informative and although the book is about historical events, the personal stories in a historical context ensure the book is engaging. For those fascinated by the Berlin Wall or the experience of living under a centralized, dictatorial state, Stasiland is an excellent choice.

If you value freedom and truth, you may find this book relevant to events in today’s world.

The Berlin Wall: A Cold War Legacy Explored

January 22, 2025

The Allies, after World War II, split Berlin into four zones, with the British, the French, the Americans and the Soviets each occupying a zone.

The East German government, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall, which prevented East Berliners and East Germans from accessing West Berlin. 

Picture taken ~ 1986 on the west side of the Berlin Wall, near Checkpoint Charlie. Pictured: Dan Reid and Keith Green.

The mission of deterring aggression and the defense of West Berlin from the East German Military and the Soviet Union fell to the US Berlin Brigade along with the French and British forces station in West Berlin. 

From 1985 to 1988, I served with the US Berlin Brigade. We specialized in Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUNT). However, if the East German army and the Soviets (hundreds of thousands of soldiers) attacked West Berlin, the allied forces (~12,000 soldiers) would hold out from a few days to about a week. 

I’m not aware of anyone that believed the East Germans and the Soviet Union would attack West Berlin. No one wanted a full-scale nuclear war. I was wrong. 

The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and Germany started reunification. The fall of the Berlin Wall meant the Stasi, the East German secret police and intelligence agency, files were available to the public. 

According to the Stasi files, the Stasi and the East German army had plans for the invasion of West Berlin, which included dividing the conquered West Berlin into Stasi branch offices, the number of men to assign to each branch and they even cast medals to award after a successful invasion. (Funder,2014, p. 72).

An invasion of West Berlin depended on Soviet approval and support. The party chairman and the leaders of the Soviet Union would not give their approval or support without a decisive military edge for an offensive war. The economic condition of the communist economy and the cost of the arms race finally caused the Soviet leadership to reject an offensive war in 1987. (Wenzel, 1994)

References:

Funder, Anna. Stasiland: Stories from Behind the Berlin Wall. Kindle Edition. 

Wenzel, O. (1994). East German plans for the conquest and occupation of west … – ciar.org. http://ciar.org/ttk/mbt/armor/armor-magazine/armor-mag.1994.nd/6berlin94.pdf